This page details the references for the Scientific Poster; Large Redworm, the comeback we could all be missing, presented by Westgate Labs at the Horses Inside Out, Soundness & Symmetry Conference, February 2026.

References

  • Abbas G, Ghafar A, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Ling E, Gauci CG, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, McConnell E, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Stevenson MA, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Prevalence and diversity of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Australian Thoroughbred horses using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic tools. Vet Parasitol. 2023 Nov;323:110048. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110048. Epub 2023 Oct 14.
  • AbouLaila M, Allam T, Roshdey T, Elkhatam A. Strongylus vulgaris: Infection rate and molecular characterization from naturally infected donkeys at Sadat City, Egypt. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2020 Dec;22:100478. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100478. Epub 2020 Oct 6.
  • Ahn S, Redman EM, Gavriliuc S, Bellaw J, Gilleard JS, McLoughlin PD, Poissant J. Mixed strongyle parasite infections vary across host age and space in a population of feral horses. Parasitology. 2024 Oct;151(12):1299-1316. doi: 10.1017/S0031182024001185. Epub 2024 Dec 12.
  • Bellaw JL, Nielsen MK. Evaluation of Baermann apparatus sedimentation time on recovery of Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus third stage larvae from equine coprocultures. Vet Parasitol. 2015 Jun 30;211(1-2):99-101. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.001. Epub 2015 May 8.
  • Bracken MK, Wøhlk CB, Petersen SL, Nielsen MK. Evaluation of conventional PCR for detection of Strongylus vulgaris on horse farms. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Mar 23;184(2-4):387-91. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.015. Epub 2011 Aug 16.
  • Cain JL, Jarisch K, Macaluso KR, Luedtke BE. Correlation between fecal egg count, presence of Strongylus vulgaris, and body score of feral horses on Fort Polk, Louisiana. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2018 Aug;13:14-17. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.002. Epub 2018 Mar 15. 
  • Cao X, Vidyashankar AN, Nielsen MK. Association between large strongyle genera in larval cultures--using rare-event poisson regression. Parasitology. 2013 Sep;140(10):1246-51. doi: 10.1017/S0031182013000589. Epub 2013 Jun 4.
  • Drudge JH. Clinical aspects of Strongylus vulgaris infection in the horse. Emphasis on diagnosis, chemotherapy, and prophylaxis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1979 Nov;1(2):251-65. doi: 10.1016/s0196-9846(17)30183-0.
  • Gehlen H, Wulke N, Ertelt A, Nielsen MK, Morelli S, Traversa D, Merle R, Wilson D, Samson-Himmelstjerna GV. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Colic and Non-Colic Control Equine Patients. Animals (Basel). 2020 Oct 19;10(10):1916. doi: 10.3390/ani10101916. 
  • Halvarsson P, Grandi G, Hägglund S, Höglund J. Gastrointestinal parasite community structure in horses after the introduction of selective anthelmintic treatment strategies. Vet Parasitol. 2024 Feb;326:110111. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110111. Epub 2023 Dec 25. 
  • Hedberg-Alm Y, Penell J, Riihimäki M, Osterman-Lind E, Nielsen MK, Tydén E. Parasite Occurrence and Parasite Management in Swedish Horses Presenting with Gastrointestinal Disease-A Case-Control Study. Animals (Basel). 2020 Apr 7;10(4):638. doi: 10.3390/ani10040638. 
  • Herd RP. The changing world of worms – the rise of the cyathostomes and the decline of Strongylus vulgaris. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. , 1990 12, 732–736.
  • Jürgenschellert L, Krücken J, Bousquet E, Bartz J, Heyer N, Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Occurrence of Strongylid Nematode Parasites on Horse Farms in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, With High Seroprevalence of Strongylus vulgaris Front Vet Sci. 2022 Jun 10;9:892920. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892920. 
  • Love S, Duncan JL. Could the worms have turned? Equine Vet J. 1991 May;23(3):152-4. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02745.x.
  • Martins AV, Corrêa LL, Ribeiro MS, de Lima Coelho A, Lobão LF, Palmer JPS, Knackfuss FB, Molento MB, da Silva Barbosa A. Identification of third stage larvae of strongyles and molecular diagnosis of Strongylus vulgaris in the feces of Thoroughbred horses kept in training centers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2024 May;50:101019. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101019. Epub 2024 Apr 3. 
  • Nielsen MK, Baptiste KE, Tolliver SC, Collins SS, Lyons ET. Analysis of multiyear studies in horses in Kentucky to ascertain whether counts of eggs and larvae per gram of feces are reliable indicators of numbers of strongyles and ascarids present. Vet Parasitol. 2010 Nov 24;174(1-2):77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.007. Epub 2010 Aug 17.
  • Nielsen MK, Olsen SN, Lyons ET, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM. Real-time PCR evaluation of Strongylus vulgaris in horses on farms in Denmark and Central Kentucky. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Dec 21;190(3-4):461-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.018. Epub 2012 Jul 21. 
  • Nielsen MK, Vidyashankar AN, Olsen SN, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM. Strongylus vulgaris associated with usage of selective therapy on Danish horse farms-is it reemerging? Vet Parasitol. 2012 Oct 26;189(2-4):260-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.039. Epub 2012 May 9.
  • Osterman-Lind E, Holmberg M, Grandi G. Selective Anthelmintic Treatment in Horses in Sweden Based on Coprological Analyses: Ten-Year Results. Animals (Basel). 2023 Aug 28;13(17):2741. doi: 10.3390/ani13172741.
  • Scare JA, Steuer AE, Gravatte HS, Kálmán C, Ramires L, Dias de Castro LL, Norris JK, Miller F, Camargo F, Lawyer A, De Pedro P, Jolly B, Nielsen MK. Management practices associated with strongylid parasite prevalence on horse farms in rural counties of Kentucky. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2018 Dec;14:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.08.002. Epub 2018 Aug 23.
  • Tydén E, Enemark HL, Franko MA, Höglund J, Osterman-Lind E. Prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris in horses after ten years of prescription usage of anthelmintics in Sweden. Vet Parasitol. 2019;276S:100013. doi: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100013. Epub 2019 May 26. 

Additional References for Handout

  • Horse Race Betting Levy Board (2025). International Codes of Practice 2025. Codes of Practice 2025.pdf
  • Scare Kenealy JA, Steuer AE. Reviving a tradition: The Development of Strongylus vulgaris in larval culture. Vet Parasitol. 2021 Dec;300:109619. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109619. Epub 2021 Nov 26.
  • WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK P. Onderzoekingen over de eieren van paardenstrongyliden [Studies on the eggs of horse strongylides]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1946 May 15;71(10):411-27. Dutch.

References

  • Abbas G, Ghafar A, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Ling E, Gauci CG, El-Hage C, Wilkes EJA, McConnell E, Carrigan P, Cudmore L, Hurley J, Beveridge I, Nielsen MK, Stevenson MA, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, Jabbar A. Prevalence and diversity of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Australian Thoroughbred horses using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic tools. Vet Parasitol. 2023 Nov;323:110048. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110048. Epub 2023 Oct 14.
  • AbouLaila M, Allam T, Roshdey T, Elkhatam A. Strongylus vulgaris: Infection rate and molecular characterization from naturally infected donkeys at Sadat City, Egypt. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2020 Dec;22:100478. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100478. Epub 2020 Oct 6.
  • Ahn S, Redman EM, Gavriliuc S, Bellaw J, Gilleard JS, McLoughlin PD, Poissant J. Mixed strongyle parasite infections vary across host age and space in a population of feral horses. Parasitology. 2024 Oct;151(12):1299-1316. doi: 10.1017/S0031182024001185. Epub 2024 Dec 12.
  • Bellaw JL, Nielsen MK. Evaluation of Baermann apparatus sedimentation time on recovery of Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus third stage larvae from equine coprocultures. Vet Parasitol. 2015 Jun 30;211(1-2):99-101. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.001. Epub 2015 May 8.
  • Bracken MK, Wøhlk CB, Petersen SL, Nielsen MK. Evaluation of conventional PCR for detection of Strongylus vulgaris on horse farms. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Mar 23;184(2-4):387-91. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.015. Epub 2011 Aug 16.
  • Cain JL, Jarisch K, Macaluso KR, Luedtke BE. Correlation between fecal egg count, presence of Strongylus vulgaris, and body score of feral horses on Fort Polk, Louisiana. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2018 Aug;13:14-17. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.002. Epub 2018 Mar 15. 
  • Cao X, Vidyashankar AN, Nielsen MK. Association between large strongyle genera in larval cultures--using rare-event poisson regression. Parasitology. 2013 Sep;140(10):1246-51. doi: 10.1017/S0031182013000589. Epub 2013 Jun 4.
  • Drudge JH. Clinical aspects of Strongylus vulgaris infection in the horse. Emphasis on diagnosis, chemotherapy, and prophylaxis. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1979 Nov;1(2):251-65. doi: 10.1016/s0196-9846(17)30183-0.
  • Gehlen H, Wulke N, Ertelt A, Nielsen MK, Morelli S, Traversa D, Merle R, Wilson D, Samson-Himmelstjerna GV. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Colic and Non-Colic Control Equine Patients. Animals (Basel). 2020 Oct 19;10(10):1916. doi: 10.3390/ani10101916. 
  • Halvarsson P, Grandi G, Hägglund S, Höglund J. Gastrointestinal parasite community structure in horses after the introduction of selective anthelmintic treatment strategies. Vet Parasitol. 2024 Feb;326:110111. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110111. Epub 2023 Dec 25. 
  • Hedberg-Alm Y, Penell J, Riihimäki M, Osterman-Lind E, Nielsen MK, Tydén E. Parasite Occurrence and Parasite Management in Swedish Horses Presenting with Gastrointestinal Disease-A Case-Control Study. Animals (Basel). 2020 Apr 7;10(4):638. doi: 10.3390/ani10040638. 
  • Herd RP. The changing world of worms – the rise of the cyathostomes and the decline of Strongylus vulgaris. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. , 1990 12, 732–736.
  • Jürgenschellert L, Krücken J, Bousquet E, Bartz J, Heyer N, Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Occurrence of Strongylid Nematode Parasites on Horse Farms in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, With High Seroprevalence of Strongylus vulgaris Front Vet Sci. 2022 Jun 10;9:892920. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892920. 
  • Love S, Duncan JL. Could the worms have turned? Equine Vet J. 1991 May;23(3):152-4. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02745.x.
  • Martins AV, Corrêa LL, Ribeiro MS, de Lima Coelho A, Lobão LF, Palmer JPS, Knackfuss FB, Molento MB, da Silva Barbosa A. Identification of third stage larvae of strongyles and molecular diagnosis of Strongylus vulgaris in the feces of Thoroughbred horses kept in training centers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2024 May;50:101019. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101019. Epub 2024 Apr 3. 
  • Nielsen MK, Baptiste KE, Tolliver SC, Collins SS, Lyons ET. Analysis of multiyear studies in horses in Kentucky to ascertain whether counts of eggs and larvae per gram of feces are reliable indicators of numbers of strongyles and ascarids present. Vet Parasitol. 2010 Nov 24;174(1-2):77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.08.007. Epub 2010 Aug 17.
  • Nielsen MK, Olsen SN, Lyons ET, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM. Real-time PCR evaluation of Strongylus vulgaris in horses on farms in Denmark and Central Kentucky. Vet Parasitol. 2012 Dec 21;190(3-4):461-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.018. Epub 2012 Jul 21. 
  • Nielsen MK, Vidyashankar AN, Olsen SN, Monrad J, Thamsborg SM. Strongylus vulgaris associated with usage of selective therapy on Danish horse farms-is it reemerging? Vet Parasitol. 2012 Oct 26;189(2-4):260-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.039. Epub 2012 May 9.
  • Osterman-Lind E, Holmberg M, Grandi G. Selective Anthelmintic Treatment in Horses in Sweden Based on Coprological Analyses: Ten-Year Results. Animals (Basel). 2023 Aug 28;13(17):2741. doi: 10.3390/ani13172741.
  • Scare JA, Steuer AE, Gravatte HS, Kálmán C, Ramires L, Dias de Castro LL, Norris JK, Miller F, Camargo F, Lawyer A, De Pedro P, Jolly B, Nielsen MK. Management practices associated with strongylid parasite prevalence on horse farms in rural counties of Kentucky. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports. 2018 Dec;14:25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.08.002. Epub 2018 Aug 23.
  • Tydén E, Enemark HL, Franko MA, Höglund J, Osterman-Lind E. Prevalence of Strongylus vulgaris in horses after ten years of prescription usage of anthelmintics in Sweden. Vet Parasitol. 2019;276S:100013. doi: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100013. Epub 2019 May 26. 

Additional References for Handout

  • Horse Race Betting Levy Board (2025). International Codes of Practice 2025. Codes of Practice 2025.pdf
  • Scare Kenealy JA, Steuer AE. Reviving a tradition: The Development of Strongylus vulgaris in larval culture. Vet Parasitol. 2021 Dec;300:109619. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109619. Epub 2021 Nov 26.
  • WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK P. Onderzoekingen over de eieren van paardenstrongyliden [Studies on the eggs of horse strongylides]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1946 May 15;71(10):411-27. Dutch.